QuantumCore

Hands-on lab · 1 step

Zero-noise extrapolation with Richardson weights

An expectation value was measured at the noise scale factors λ=1,3,5\lambda=1,3,5 produced by global unitary folding. Combine the three measurements with the Richardson (Lagrange) weights into an estimate of the noiseless value E0E_0.

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Step 1: Extrapolate to zero noise through three nodes

A two-qubit circuit UU is run as UU, U(U†U)U(U^\dagger U) and U(U†U)2U(U^\dagger U)^2, which multiplies its gate noise by the scale factors λ=1,3,5\lambda=1,3,5. With many shots per circuit the measured expectation values are

E(1)=0.80,E(3)=0.56,E(5)=0.40.E(1)=0.80,\qquad E(3)=0.56,\qquad E(5)=0.40.

Assume the noise model E(λ)=E0+a1λ+a2λ2+O(λ3)E(\lambda)=E_0+a_1\lambda+a_2\lambda^2+O(\lambda^3) and estimate E0E_0 by Richardson extrapolation through all three nodes,

E0≈∑i=13γiE(λi),γi=∏j≠iλjλj−λi.E_0\approx\sum_{i=1}^3\gamma_iE(\lambda_i),\qquad\gamma_i=\prod_{j\ne i}\frac{\lambda_j}{\lambda_j-\lambda_i}.

Enter E0E_0. The value is graded with absolute tolerance 10−310^{-3}; exact expressions such as 15/80.8-5/40.56+3/8*0.4 are accepted.

Enter exact expressions or decimals, e.g. 1/sqrt(2), pi/3. Values must be real.

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